According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 51.5 square miles (133 km2), of which 48.8 square miles (126 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2), or 5.22%, is water.
The western border of Philipstown is the Hudson River, with the Orange County towns of Highlands and Cornwall, as well as a small sliver of Stony Point in Rockland County, on the opposite shore. The north town line borders the Dutchess County towns of Fishkill and East Fishkill, with the south town line bordering the Westchester County town of Cortlandt. Kent and Putnam Valley border the town on its east side.
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